Is it even possible to decentralize social networking?

Hello again, and welcome back to Fast Company’s Plugged In.

On March 9, Jay Graber stepped down as CEO of Bluesky. She will become the social networking platform’s chief innovation officer, while Toni Schneider, a venture capitalist and former CEO of WordPress parent company Automattic, joins Bluesky as interim CEO. (I may be the last person left who also associates Schneider with Oddpost, an impressive browser-based email client he co-created way back before Gmail existed.)

Graber explained her decision as stemming in part from a desire to turn the CEO role over to someone who can help scale up the platform. From November 2024 to January 2025, as Elon Musk’s role in Donald Trump’s reelection prompted many Twitter users (including me) to hatch exit strategies, Bluesky added 10 million users. That turned out to be the peak of the network’s boom, at least so far; 10 million users is also how many it’s added in the past 12 months. It’s still growing, but not at the torrid pace that will get it to hundreds of millions of people anytime soon.

If I had invested in Bluesky—which Schneider’s venture firm, True Ventures, has—I’d want to see it grow far larger. As an individual user, however, I find it quite pleasant at its current size. Maybe even cozy, in a way Twitter had stopped being long before Musk trashed it. (I also enjoy the even tinier Mastodon.) Should Bluesky ever get ginormous, I hope it manages to retain the intimacy that it kindles today.

But I’m less curious about the future of Bluesky the social network than I am about the technology behind it. Called AT Protocol, it’s responsible for organizing all those users and posts so that the right people see the right stuff at the right time. And unlike the comparable infrastructure in place at behemoths such as Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram, it’s open. Anyone can create their own social network based upon AT Protocol, or remix an existing one (such as Bluesky) by tweaking its algorithm or other attributes. Users can preserve their personal social graphs even if they use several otherwise distinct networks based on the protocol.

When I first talked to Graber in December 2023, Bluesky wasn’t yet fully open to the public, and had just 2.3 million members. She seemed as excited about AT Protocol as Bluesky itself, and told me she saw it as a potential antidote to social-media toxicity, moderation problems, and general user dissatisfaction with how the people who operate social networks do their jobs. If you didn’t like Bluesky as Graber managed it, you could switch to a version of the service powered by a different algorithm, or a wholly independent social network running AT Protocol. You wouldn’t even have to do so much as create a user account.

From both a technological and cultural standpoint, that’s a way more grandiose goal than simply building a social network that’s bigger and better than Twitter. As someone who loved Twitter until I didn’t, I found it immensely appealing. Who wouldn’t want more control over their social presence? But a little over two years later, it remains a vision more than reality. Indeed, Bluesky has a festering reputation in some quarters as an obnoxious liberal bubble unwelcoming of other perspectives, which might not be a problem if people were remastering the network or creating new alternatives based on its technology.

AT Protocol was hardly dead on arrival. There are hundreds of applications that use it, from Instagram and TikTok alternatives to a stock portfolio tracker to an app that puts Bluesky on your Apple Watch. Many are intriguing in their own right. But most are satellites revolving around Bluesky and its community, which was not the original idea.

Even when I spoke to Graber in 2023, the possibility of an open social protocol changing everything was not exactly new. Mastodon, which turns 10 on March 16, is powered by ActivityPub, a standard with goals similar to AT Protocol. Meta incorporated a measure of ActivityPub support into Threads (kinda, sorta)—and it’s not clear how invested the company is in going further.

Even more to the point, Twitter cofounder and former CEO Jack Dorsey has long said that he regrets that Twitter ever became a company. Instead, he contends, it should have been an open protocol all along. Toward the end of his time there, he channeled that belief into incubating two such protocols. One became Bluesky; the other is the lesser-known Nostr, whose homepage cheerfully acknowledges the challenge it faces with the tagline “An open social protocol with a chance of working.”

I wish the best for everyone behind AT Protocol, ActivityPub, and Nostr, but I can’t help but wonder if the failure of the relatively small number of people interested in this stuff to coalesce around one protocol helps explain why progress has been so slow. (As computer scientist Andrew S. Tanenbaum waggishly put it in the 1980s, “The nice thing about standards is that you have so many to choose from.”) It’s as if the companies that made browsers had never agreed on the shared technological underpinnings that let us use Chrome, Safari, Firefox, or any of innumerable other options to explore the same World Wide Web.

For now, I am attempting to stay active on Bluesky, Mastodon, and Threads, though it’s hardly a cakewalk. Openvibe, the app I used to post to all three, has become so unreliable lately that I’ve mostly given up on it. Flipboard CEO Mike McCue tells me that he wants to add crossposting to Surf—a wildly ambitious app, still in closed beta, that weaves together the entire internet into user-curated feeds—but is still figuring out how to do it well.

The only long-term solution involves all of these networks—plus Twitter, Facebook, and many others yet to be born—settling on a protocol so universal that they all just work together, without 99.9% of us needing to stop and wonder why. I’m realistic about the daunting odds of this happening, but I haven’t given up. And I hope that Bluesky won’t either—regardless of where it goes under new management.

You’ve been reading Plugged In, Fast Company’s weekly tech newsletter from me, global technology editor Harry McCracken. If a friend or colleague forwarded this edition to you—or if you’re reading it on fastcompany.com—you can check out previous issues and sign up to get it yourself every Friday morning. I love hearing from you: Ping me at hmccracken@fastcompany.com with your feedback and ideas for future newsletters. I’m also on Bluesky, Mastodon, and Threads, and you can follow Plugged In on Flipboard.